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-==== Teses de Doutorado ====
+=====Teses de Doutorado=====
 === PANSONATO, Marcelo Petratti ===
 **Drivers of tree similarity, distribution and abundance in two environments of the Atlantic Rainforest**
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 === MELITO, Melina Oliveira ===
 **Effects of forest fragmentation on biomass in tropical forests**
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 === BERTONCELLO, Ricardo ===
 **Ecological restoration and structuring processes of plant communities**
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 === ROCHA, Diogo Souza Bezerra ===
 **Plant diversity in Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia: an evaluation of the environmental effects on the composition and structure of the tree community**
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 **Abstract:** One of the greatest challenges of ecology is to understand and predict the fluctuations in the biological populations. When we consider the human intervention in this understanding, we can, at the same time, make predictions about the future of the populations and understand better their natural processes of regulation and control. In this work we carried out a study about the ecology of populations of two shade tolerant tree species (Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz, that occupies the canopy and Rudgea jasminoides (Cham.) Müll.Arg., that occupies the understory) to answer the question of how the structure, population dynamics and seedling performance respond to environmental heterogeneity caused by disturbances related with fragmentation and secondary succession. In the first chapter we tested if the population structure, measured by size distributions, is related to the size and/or to the successional stage of the fragment. From the conclusions generated in this first study, in the second chapter we evaluated if population dynamics parameters, such as asymptotic growth rate and vital rates explain the variation in density and structure. In the third chapter we tested if the seedling performance of these species is affected by canopy openness and litter depth, which are known promoters of environmental heterogeneity in secondary forest fragments. In order to achieve this goal we marked and followed by two years (2007- 2009) populations of both species in six secondary forest fragments of different successional stages in the Southeast Atlantic Plateau. Regarding the population structure, Guapira showed variation associated to the degree of forest structuring, while for Rudgea the fragment size was the most important explanatory variable, what lead us to hypothesize that Rudgea is in risk of local extinction in the medium fragments. Regarding the analysis of population dynamics, Rudgea showed a population doubling time in the medium fragments 4.5 times greater than in the large ones, what lead us to conclude that this risk of local extinction can be mitigated or even reversed. For Guapira, the rates did not differ between the successional stages, being predicted stable populations in both (955;8776;1). The analysis of the effect of the canopy openness and the litter depth in the seedling performance showed the importance of the interaction between these factors and the relevance of considering the different seedling ontogenetic stages. Through a new approach, we demonstrated how important is to consider complementary studies (structure and dynamics) in order to really understand what happens at population level. Besides, we highlight the importance of studies with dynamics in order to elucidate the demographic mechanisms that occur in each population. This knowledge is a fundamental tool for planning more directional management and conservation actions.
-==== Dissertações de Mestrado ====
+=====Dissertações de Mestrado=====
+=== BEL, Renan Lucas Siena Del ===
+**Tree recruitment in a restinga rainforest: Influence of functional neighborhood and soil**
+**Abstract:** While biological communities are complex systems in which numerous mechanisms act in different scales and different processes can generate the same pattern, one way to answer questions regarding the assembly of plant communities is to find correlations between environmental patterns indicative of underlying niche processes with the emerging patterns of a community. Because of that, it is essential to keep developing our understanding on how to represent the niche processes and how to better assess the community structure. In this dissertation we investigate how different environmental variables contribute to our understanding of niche processes. In particular, we are interested in how variables of biotic or abiotic nature interact and contribute to the pattern observed in the structure of the community, and whether the integration of these components is important in identifying the processes involved in community assembly. We use the spatially explicit leaf traits distribution of young (recruited in the last 10 years) individuals from a restinga in Ilha do Cardoso to represent the resulting pattern of the assembly processes, as well as data collected in 2009, to rebuild the neighborhood in which these individuals were recruited. We found that different combinations of biotic and abiotic variables explain different leaf traits distributions, but when we include the young individuals species as a random factor in our models, our results point for no correlation between environmental variables and leaf traits. Because of these conflicting results we infer that while both biotic and abiotic variables work together as predictors of the structure of the community, they do so via species distribution, which is in turn, correlated to an individual's leaf traits values. Thus, environmental variables are only informative when we have no information about the identity of the species. Based on our results, we propose that both types of variables (biotic and abiotic) must be used together when trying to assess the niche processes in a community, as both may be complementary and sometimes interact to form a more complete picture. Together our results open some lines of investigation that may further our knowledge over the mechanisms behind the tree community assembly and may inform future work in the field in order to achieve a better resolution in structure analyses.
 === SOUZA, Luanne Caires da Cruz ===
@@ Linha 76: / Linha 85: @@
 **Abstract:** Plants established next to other plants may have their performance positively or negatively affected by their neighbors, which characterizes interactions of facilitation and competiton, respectively. Facilitation and competition, however, may occur simultaneously and understanding which one predominates in pairwise interactions under different ecological contexts is important to comprehend the structure of plant communities. According to the stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH), facilitation is expected to prevail in more severe environments, but the outcome of interactions may change depending on features of interacting individuals, such as life form and ontogenetic stages. As harsh conditions and high diversity of plant life-forms are characteristic of coastal dunes, the amount of studies about plant interactions has been rapidly increasing in these ecosystems, with apparent divergent conclusions. However, until now, there is not a systematic and quantitative synthesis about the factors affecting the net outcome of facilitation and competition in these ecosystems. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of environmental stress and the simultaneous influence of plant life form and ontogenetic stage on the outcome of facilitation and competition in coastal dunes around the world. We used four performance measures to estimate the outcome of interactions: abundance, survival, growth, and reproduction. Contrary to what was expected by SGH, we found that negative impacts of neighbors on plant reproduction increase towards more arid conditions, but this effect was not observed for other performance measures. Our results also indicate that woody neighbors facilitate the survival of woody seedlings and the reproduction of herbs, while herbaceous neighbors facilitate the growth of other herbaceous plants. Overall, the outcome of plant interactions in coastal dunes depends on the performance variable measured and on both environmental conditions and plant features, indicating an interaction between these factors. Such interaction and different mechanisms underlying facilitation and competition should be more investigated in the future. The global scale of our meta-analysis supports generalization of important processes of succession and conservation in coastal dunes. Benefits of woody neighbors to the survival of woody seedlings corroborate the concept of successional feedbacks in the beach-inland physiognomic gradient, and our results reinforce the use of nurse plants in coastal dunes as a valuable tool to restoration of these endangered ecoystems.
+=== SANO, Bruno ===
+**Relationship between functional traits and performance of native tree species in restoration planting**
+**Abstract:** n degraded environments, ecological restoration aims to accelerate the process of ecological succession. The most widely used technique for restoration of degraded environments is the planting of seedlings. The selection of species is crucial to the success of the restoration projects, because the species need to establish and grow under the harsh conditions of the environment. Using the approach of functional traits can be a promising tool to assist in the selection of species in restoration projects. In forest environments, there is evidence that functional traits affect the performance of the species, however, there are few studies conducted in areas undergoing restoration. In this study, the relationship between the functional leaf traits and the relative growth rate in height and in diameter at ground level of native tree species planted in a degraded area that is being restored was evaluated. To describe the relationship between the functional traits and the relative growth rate (RGR) of individuals, we used the approach of model selection based on linear mixed effects models (LMEM). The selection of models was performed using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). The functional traits showed no relationship with the relative growth rate in height and diameter of the individuals of the species, possibly due to differences in environmental conditions between forest environments and degraded environments. Despite not finding a relationship between the functional traits and the RGR, the most plausible model selected indicates that larger individuals at the beginning of monitoring have lower relative growth rates in height, that is, taller individuals have lower rates of growth in height. Considering that no relationship between the morphological functional traits and the relative growth rate in an area undergoing restoration was found, it is reasonable to assume that this approach cannot be applied in all environments. Studies that assess functional traits of the leaf in the different stages of plant development in degraded environments can refine these analyses and help define whether the selection of species for restoration projects can be accomplished using the approach of functional characteristics.
 === PARMIGIANI, Renan ===
@@ Linha 97: / Linha 113: @@
 **Abstract:** Disturbance events impact life strategy diversity in communities and life strategy evolution in populations. In the field of Ecology, disturbance occurrence is studied while an environmental factor that alters resource availability and populations abundance, causing competitive exclusion of less favorable life strategies depending on disturbance frequency and intensity. In the field of Evolutionary Biology, disturbance is evaluated as a pressure, depending on its spatial and temporal regularity, that determines the intensity of species' evolutionary response and, as a consequence, the adaptation towards the fittest life strategy. Although there is a separation between these two fields of knowledge, ecological dynamics influence evolutionary dynamics and the other way around. Studies that mix Ecology and Evolution are becoming more common, but few or none of them takes disturbance in consideration. Here, we use an individual-based model to generate contexts in which adaptation and competitive exclusion might act apart and together in order to understand how disturbance determines life strategies that occur in communities under ecological, evolutionary and eco-evolutionary dynamics. In the model, life strategy is an inheritable character defined for a trade-off between longevity and fecundity. Simulations from the evolutionary context were composed by one population under mutation acting, simulations from the ecological context by various species without mutation and simulations from the eco-evolutionary context by various species with mutation occurrence. We observed that disturbance was positively correlated with fecund individuals preponderance in all contexts but that disturbance effect on life strategy diversity varied between the different contexts. In the evolutionary and the eco-evolutionary contexts, life strategy diversity increased with disturbance raise, while in the ecological context diversity decreased. This result evidences the mutation role as a source of new life strategy variants when there is a high renovation of individuals given by raised mortality. Only in the eco-evolutionary context there was an interspecific heterogeneity peak on intermediate levels of disturbance. In this scenario, species reproductive isolation, in contrast to populations panmixy, allows species to differ in relation to its life strategies. In parallel to this, the constant input of new life strategy variants by mutation prevents the definite extinction of life strategies from the system. Therefore, when disturbance level is intermediate, productive species as well as long-lived ones are able to coexist. Given that the different contexts resulted in varied patterns of life strategies' relative frequency, this study evidences the importance of studying disturbance effect on communities structure and dynamics unifying processes that are typically separated between Ecology and Evolution fields.
+=== PEREIRA, Thiago Mitonori ===
+**Effects of nucleation on physiological responses of tree seedlings in an ecological restoration area**
+**Abstract:** Nucleation of seedlings is a technique for forest restoration in which is expected that the aggregated planting of seedlings increases the recruitment and establishment of species. This would occur because the growth of some species can provide better environmental conditions to neighboring plants. However, the aggregated planting can also intensify the competition for nutrients between plants. It is expected that the facilitating effects are greater for the non-pioneers species that are more sensitive to high light intensities and better competitors for nutrients. For pioneers that are tolerant to high irradiance and worst competitors, the nuclei must be unfavorable. The addition of nutrients can minimize the competition and then turn the nuclei more favorable, especially to the pioneer species. In order to evaluate the responses of seedlings to the nucleation and the addition of nutrients were measured the maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the content of photosynthetic pigments. Foliar and soil temperatures were measured to assess the potential of nucleation to minimize extreme microclimates. The seedlings were planted in plots, each with a combination of type of planting in nucleus or line, and type of fertilizer applied, chemical fertilizer (NPK), topsoil or without fertilizer. The nuclei were composed of 13 seedlings of different species, 5 pioneers and 8 non-pioneer pioneers. The seedlings were separated from each other by distances of approximately 30 cm. Seedlings planted in lines were isolated from each other by 2 m. Seedlings planted in the nucleation system showed better conditions with greater Fv/Fm and chlorophyll a, b and total contents, indicating the facilitation effects of nucleation. Foliar and soil temperatures were lower in nuclei. Both pioneers and non-pioneers showed signals of photoinhibition, with values of Fv/Fm below of that considered as stress-free when were planted in both, lines or nuclei. Photoinhibition signals were higher for the group of non-pioneer with lower Fv/Fm values. Non-pioneers had lower ratio of chlorophyll a/b, evidencing their investment to absorb more light. However, the different effects of nuclei for pioneers and non-pioneer species were not conclusive, as well as the effects of the addition of nutrients. The present study provides evidence for the effect of facilitation in nuclei, adding more information to the beneficial effects of nucleation, providing aid for the recommendation of the use of this technique in projects of ecological restoration. No evidence that planting in nuclei is harmful to pioneer or non-pioneer were found, thus justifying the planting of mixed nuclei.
 === VENDRAMI, Juliana Lopes ===
 **Functional diversity in a restinga forest**
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 === MELLO, Thayná Jeremias ===
 **Biological invasion in oceanic island: the case of //Leucaena leucocephala// (Leguminosae) in Fernado de Noronha**
@@ Linha 111: / Linha 136: @@
 === FREY, Gabriel Ponzoni ===
 **Phylogenetic structure and demography of trees in a coastal Brazilian white sand forest**
@@ Linha 117: / Linha 143: @@
 === ZANELATO, Daniela ===
 **Tree communities in restinga forests: the role of trade-offs and natural enemies in the regeneration niche
@@ Linha 122: / Linha 149: @@
 **Abstract:** The objective of the current research was to investigate if the existing patterns in the adult tree communities can be generated by differences in the aspect related to the regeneration niche of species. Our model of study were two restinga's forests located at the Cardoso Island, on the South coast of São Paulo state. The tall resting forest (TRF) is an older formation, geologically speaking, and it hás closer canopies than the short resting forest (SRF). In the first chapter, we investigated if the abundance inversions of adult trees existing between the TRF and the SRF could be generated due to the differentiated performances of these species at the stage of the seedling, due to the action of the environmental light filter. We assumed as a hypothesis that the species show a worst performance in the stage of seedling in the forest where they are less abundant as adult, due to a trade-off between growth and survival. We expected that the mortality by pathogens was the main cause for the mortality of plants in the more shaded forest. We achieved a manipulative experiment in field with six tree species, in which one-month-old seedlings after germination were transplanted in the two forests and in the nursery. We followed the performance of the species in the two studied forests for nine months. There were no differences in the performance of the two species, except the survival of the Clusia criuva (in the expected way) and of the Tapirira guianensis (opposite to the expected way).Different from what was expected, the main cause of the mortality of all the species was the severe herbivory, and it was not possible to observe a conflict between the growth and the survival of them. In the second chapter, we investigated if the differences in the size of the seeds among the zoochoric tree species can generate differences in the patterns of the adult community and if those differences occur due to an action of the environment lighting filter or only by the differences of the dispersion capacity of the species. We followed the seed rain of the zoochoric tree species for four years in both forests and we could check that the active dispersion capacity of them is negatively related to the size of the seeds, as it can be predicted by both the hypothesis (environmental filter and dispersion capacity). Besides, the relationship between the average production of seeds and the size of the seeds presented a triangular pattern, as species with big seeds always provide low productions. We compared the seeds average sizes and the range of the seeds sizes of the individual plants and of the adult species in both forests (DAP_> 5 cm. We could verify that the TRF presents average size of seeds and range of the seeds's sizes that were bigger than in SRF. Furthermore, the SRF floristic composition is nested in the TRF composition. Therefore, we assumed as a hypothesis that the differences in the dispersal capacity of species, plus the age differences of the forests, are responsible for the distribution of the seeds sizes of the adult plants present in both forests. Finally, in chapter 3, we made a literature review about the role of the soil microorganisms in the specific site of the regeneration of the tropical tree species. We found studies that focus only on the action of the fungi as far in positive interactions (mycorrhizal fungi) as in negative ones (pathogenic fungi). We discussed the main factors and the characteristics associated to the mortality caused by the soil pathogens, as well as the relationship proposed by the pioneer studies which were not confirmed nor tested.
+=== CARVALHO, Gabriel Martins de ===
+**Influence of stochastic processes on the structuring of community in tabuleiros forest, Bahia, Brazil**
+**Abstract:** One of the central objectives of plant ecology is understand the factors that favor the
+coexistence of large numbers of species in tropical forests. Previous studies have indicated that
+species substitution (beta diversity) may explain the high diversities (alfa) seen in these
+forests. Both determinist and stochastic processes can determine species distributions, thus
+affecting the substitution rates of species in those communities. Within this context, the present
+study evaluated variations in the composition and abundance of tree species, as well as their
+morphometric attributes (diameter and height), between two habitat types in Tabuleiro Forests.
+Tabuleiro Forests occur on wide coastal plateaus cut by occasional valleys. Edaphic and lightregime characteristics vary between these two topographic units, so that the tree communities
+in each would be expected to be different.. A total of 1810 arboreal individuals of 349
+morphospecies DAP > 5 cm were sampled in ten 0.1 ha sampling plots. Comparisons were
+made between the plateau and valley habitats in terms of their arboreal composition, structure
+and physiognomy. Additionally, the occurrence of possible indicator species in these habitats
+was examined. The most abundant species on the plateaus were //Manilkara multifida//, //Eugenia
+rostrata//, //Rinorea guianensis// and //Paypayrola blanchetiana//, while //Actinostemon verticilatus//, //E.
+rostrata//, //P. blanchetiana// and //Helicostylis tomentosa// were most abundant in valley sites. We
+observed a high turnover of species among the plots, even within the same habitats, without the
+occurrence of characteristic suites of species in any of them. No significant differences were
+observed between the two habitats in terms of total abundance, diameters, tree heights, or total
+basal areas. Only Croton macrobothrys among the 349 species sampled demonstrated any
+significant association with valley habitats. The species distribution patterns observed suggests
+that neutral mechanisms operate in structuring these communities, and that the bulk of the
+species observed showed no discernable niche differentiation along the environmental gradient
+analyzed. Differences were observed in the abundances of the species among the habitats,
+however, exclusive species of a certain habitat were not observed.
 === VAZ, Marcel Carita ===
 **Diversity of ecological strategies of the dominant tree species from a terra-firme forest in Central Amazonia**
@@ Linha 130: / Linha 187: @@
 === STUART, Julia ===
 **Do nitrogen fixing legumes facilitate other tree species in a Restinga Forest?**
 **Abstract:**Many studies have been proving the importance of positive interactions to the distribution and diversity of species in plant communities. Positive and negative interactions occur simultaneously and the net effect of a species on another is the product of these combined interactions. The objetive of the present study was to evaluate if nitrogen fixing legumes facilitate other tree species in a nitrogen poor environment. We studied the effect of the presence of legumes on the density of species and individuals belonging to two different layers (DBH > 1 cm and 1≤ DBH ≥ 10 cm) around them and also patterns of spatial association between the legumes and other tree species, using a null models approach. The results obtained were dependent on the legume species considered. In chapter 1, the legume Balizia pedicellaris (DC.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes presented higher species density around it, for both layers, although there was no effect on the density of individuals. The species Ormosia arborea Harms did not present effect on the density of species and individuals around it. For the first layer Andira anthelmia (Vell.) J. F. Macbr. did not show effect on the densities, but this species presented a negative effect on the density of species and individuals of the upper layer (1 ≤ DBH ≥ 10 cm), in opposition to our hypothesis. In chapter 2, the spatial association patterns were also distinct between the legume species that showed different species identity associated and different kinds of association (positive or negative). The results indicate that, in spite of belonging to the same functional group, the legumes influence the species around them differently, depending on their morphological and physiological characteristics, as the ability to fix nitrogen in some systems or even the ability to produce alellopathic compounds.
+=== LACERDA, Victória Duarte ===
+**Structure and vegetation composition of a herbaceous-shrub mussununga in southern Bahia, Brazil**
+**Abstract:** Mussununga is a vegetation type present in the Atlantic Forest, occurring on tablelands
+in the north of Espirito Santo and southern Bahia. This vegetation occurs on patches of
+white sandy soil embedded within forest areas and retains physiognomies similar to
+restinga vegetation. This work was performed in a herbaceous/shrub Mussununga area
+in southern Bahia, Brazil. Part of this area was subjected to a disturbance in the past due
+to the cultivation of //Cocos nucifera L.//, however the cultivation was abandoned. The aim
+of this study was to analyze the structure and composition of this plant community and
+evaluate the floristic relationships with other areas. The first chapter covers only the
+area with no evidence of recent disturbance. The structure and species composition of
+this area was described and a floristic analysis was performed to verify similarity
+patterns among 20 physiognomic similar areas occurring on white sand soils on the
+Atlantic Coast of Brazil. We found 76 species in 37 botanical families and the richest
+families were Fabaceae, Orchidaceae and Myrtaceae. The diversity was low
+(h'=2.53nats), however the area presented a large environmental heterogeneity.
+Floristic analysis showed a strong spatial correlation and low correlation with
+environmental variables. In chapter 2, a portion of the area without evidence of recent
+disturbance was compared to a portion of disturbed area based onrichness, diversity,
+composition and the distribution of functional groups. Richness and diversity were
+similar in both areas, however there was a remarkable difference in species
+composition. The most abundant species in both areas was //Renvoizea trinii// (Poaceae).
+The aggressive species //Pteridium arachnoideum// (Dennstaedtiaceae) increased
+considerably in the disturbed area. Functional groups showed significant differences in
+their mean coveragein each area.
+=== MORAES, Adriana de Olinda ===
+**Effect of anthropized matrices on the epiphyte community of understory in forest fragments of Southern Bahia, Brazil**
+**Abstract:** The landscape mosaic of the southern state of Bahia consists of forest fragments, pasture
+areas and shaded cacao (//Theobroma cacao L.//) plantations (cabruca). The cacao
+agroforestry matrix is considered efficient to the conservation of several species compared
+to the other agricultural systems, because it preserves large trees of the original forest.
+Therefore, we investigated the influence of the both matrixes on the community of vascular
+epiphytes and hemiepiphytes richness and abundance in Wildlife Refuge – Una Biological
+Reserve (Revis-REBIO), Una, Bahia, Brazil. Eight plots (10 x10 m) were installed at the
+edge (5-10 m) and eight plots in the interior (100 m) of four fragments with cabruca matrix
+and four fragments with pasture matrix. A total area of 12.800 m2 was sampled. All trees
+with circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 5 cm the circumference were measured and
+the number of epiphytes and hemiepiphytes was counted up to three meters tall. We
+sampled 10.557 trees and 4.057 were phorophytes that housed 57 species of epiphytes and
+of hemiepiphytes, distributed in 20 families. A total of 7984 individuals were sampled.
+The family with the highest number of species was Araceae (20 spp.) and the most
+abundant species was //Philodendron surinamense// (2.150 individuals). About matrix
+influence, the interior of fragments surrounded by a pasture matrix had the highest values
+of abundance and richness of epiphytes and hemiepiphytes. The abundance of epiphytes
+was significantly higher (p<0,001) in the fragments with pasture matrix. Hemiepiphytes
+were also more abundant within fragments with pasture matrix. The fragments inserted
+into the pasture matrix had significantly (p< 0,02) more species than the fragments
+immersed in the cabruca matrix. For hemiepiphytes, the plots of the interior of the
+fragments had significantly (p= 0,0007) more species than the edge plots. The edge of
+fragments inserted in pasture matrix had a higher average number of trees than the interior
+and in plots inserted in the interior of fragments with cabruca matrix, there were a higher
+average number of trees than the edge. The largest circumferences and the largest number
+of phorophytes were in fragments with pasture matrix. Overall, in cabruca matrix
+fragments, the epiphytes and hemiepiphytes occurred on the phorophytes with the larger
+perimeter and on interior of pasture matrix fragments, the epiphytes occupied the trees
+with larger perimeter and hemiepiphytes occupied both the edge and interior, trees with the
+larger CBH The sampling units were not grouped within the same condition. Anetium
+citrifolium was an indicator species of the interior of fragments in the pastures matrix.
+=== SALLES, Maysa da Costa Lima ===
+**Linear edge effects of different ages on the composition and structure of the shrub-tree community in the Atlantic Forest**
+**Abstract:** Forest fragmentation reduces the total area covered by the forest and exposes the plant
+community to edge effects, even if the edge is a linear opening. Beside, environmental
+factors associated to disturbances, such as fragmentation and topographical features, are
+some of the factors that determine community change. Hence, the aim of this study
+consisted in evaluating the effects of linear edges with different ages (30 and 200 years)
+of and the influence of environmental factors associated with them on the plant
+community of two forest layers of an Atlantic rainforest area located in the state of Rio
+de Janeiro, Brazil. Data concerning community structure and composition were
+compared between the different locations within the studied area, from which both slope
+and altitudinal interactions were evaluated. We suggested that the plant community of
+the Tinguá Reserve is under edge effects, but that these are less intense given that the
+impacts have been buffered by the formation, along the years, of a secondary vegetation
+layer, associated with an adjacent forest matrix and the absence of stochastic events.
+The older edge (200 years) had a lower richness and a different plant composition from
+the others locations. It suggests that the tree and shrub community may be under the
+influence of permanent damages from edge effects. The more recent edge (30 years)
+could be in a period of transition which the early successional trees, that reproduced
+immediately after the edge creation may reach the adult stage, near by the other tree
+species, and they constitute the upper stratum of the forest. The altitudinal and slope
+variables influence in some way the floristic composition, but other associated variables
+must be considered for a more precise evaluation.
 === PANNUTI, Márcia Ione da Rocha ===
 **Aspects of spatial pattern, habitat association and herbivory density-dependent of Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae) in restinga alta florest, Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia. SP, Brazil**
@@ Linha 142: / Linha 291: @@
 === FARIA, Mariana Brando Balazs da Costa ===
 **Diversity and natural regeneration of trees in Restinga Forests in Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP, Brazil**
@@ Linha 148: / Linha 298: @@
 === CASTANHO, Camila de Toledo ===
 **Determinant factors of decomposition process in São Paulo State forests**
 **Abstract:** Composition is an important indicator of functional patterns of ecosystems, as it controls basic processes related to the availability of nutrients and to ecosystem productivity. Climatic and edaphic conditions and the quality of the litter and soil fauna as determining factors are of particular importance in the process of decomposition. The significance of each one of these varies with spatial and temporal scale. The objective of this work was to evaluate the importance of certain determining factors of decomposition in sites representing the main forest ecosystems of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. To accomplish this, two independent experiments were conducted. The first, denoted here as the Exotics experiment, was to examine the effects of the type of forest and the soil fauna on the decomposition of leaves of an exotic species (//Laurus nobilis L.//) in two humid forests (Restinga Forest of the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso e Atlantic Forest of the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho) and a seasonal forest (Semideciduous Forest of the Estação Ecológica de Caetetus). The effects of these factors were tested above and belowground, to simulate the environment of decomposition among leaves and roots respectively. The type of forest had a significant effect over fauna above the surface, while below the surface, only fauna had significant effect. These results indicate that the hierarchy of determining factors in decomposition differs between leaves and roots. If on the one hand decomposition in leaves is much more susceptible to variation in climate than are roots, on the other hand changes in the soil fauna affect decomposition in both environments. Above the surface, fauna had a significant effect only in the Atlantic Forest, emphasizing the difference between two humid forests. Under the surface, and in the absence of fauna, the percentage of remaining biomass was very similar in the three forests. Notwithstanding differences in the forests, the presence of fauna was apparent, suggesting that there is a specific contribution of fauna in decomposition among roots in these forests. The Restinga Forest produced the most pronounced effect of fauna below the soil surface. These results indicate that fauna is a factor of notable importance in the decomposition of roots, especially in humid sandy tropical forests. The other experiment, here called the Native experiment, was developed to evaluate the effects of the substrate and the forest type on the decomposition of leaves of four native species in sites of the four major forest types in São Paulo state. The experiment was conducted in the same three forest sites as the Exotics experiment, including the Cerradão da Estação Ecológica de Assis. A tree species was chosen in each forest type, the leaves of which were used as substrate for the litter bags. The type of forest and the substrate demonstrated a significantly greater effect on the quantity of remaining mass throughout the experiment. The majority of the species suffered greater losses in the Atlantic Forest, followed by the Restinga Forest, the Semideciduous Forest, and the Cerradão. These results suggest that the total associated precipitation and its distribution are important determinants in the process of decomposition. As such, the two most humid forests show, on average, decomposition rates twice as great as the two seasonal forests. The rest of the differences encountered between forest types can be explained by edaphic and biotic factors. With respect to the effect of the species, the greatest biomass losses were observed in //Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.//, followed by //Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.//, //Guapira opposita Vell.// and //Calophyllum brasiliensis Camb.// Chemical parameters only show significant negative correlation with decomposition rates when G. opposita is excluded from the analysis. In this case the percentage of lignin was the parameter that showed the greatest correlation (r2= 0,59). In spite of the general patterns presented above, the interaction between forest type and substrate showed some variation, principally related to the loss of mass of C. langsdorfii in its native habitat, the Cerradão. Comparing decomposition rates (k) found in the Semideciduous Forest and Cerradão, //C. langsdorfii// shows a decrease of 40% more in the Cerradão, while the other species show, on average rates 28% lower in the Cerradão than in the Semideciduous Forest. These results suggest a strict correlation between the decomposition community and the local litter. Understanding processes of decomposition, is of fundamental importance and includes recognizing the determining factors and the variation in the importance of these factors under different environmental conditions, as presented in this study. This is true not only for our understanding of the forest ecosystems of São Paulo, but also for management planning, restoration, and conservation.
+=====Monografias (Iniciação Científica e trabalhos de conclusão de graduação)=====
+=== AULER, Jennifer Prestes ===
+**Environmental heterogeneity and the spatial distribution of Amazonia's trees**
+**Abstract:** Niche and dispersal limitation are important coexistence mechanisms that can spatially structure tree communities. We aimed to verify the influence of environmental heterogeneity in the relative importance of those processes. We used data from ForestGEO plots with different environmental heterogeneity (Colombia-CO < Brazil-BR < Ecuador-EQ). We selected the most plausible of four concurrent spatial models: Randomness (CSR), Niche (NH), Dispersal Limitation (DL), and both (NH+DL). BR e EQ didn't diverge in the probability of model selection, having 85,6% and 83% of niche models selected (NH and NH+DL), while in CO only 57,5% were observed. The proportion of no model selected was four times higher in CO than in BR and EQ. We attribute these differences to CO's lesser environmental heterogeneity and conclude that it influences the relative importance of processes. Plots with a higher proportion of coexistence mechanisms are also significantly more diverse (BR and EQ > CO).
+=== ROSA, Matheus Guthierris Bitencourt ===
+**Phylogenetic structure of seedling communities in Restinga forests with different environmental conditions**
+**Abstract:** Ecological communities often differ in species richness, composition and abundance,
+reflecting different assembly processes. Niche-determined processes and neutral
+processes may interact in the role of structuring different communities. Assessing the
+phylogenetic structure of communities should allow us to infer niche-related
+processes with respect to neutral processes, if the phylogenetic distances between
+co-ocurring species reflects niche differences. On one hand, if species tolerance to
+abiotic conditions are phyllogenetically conserved, intense environmental filtering is
+expected to promote community assemblages more phyllogenetically related than
+chance. On the other hand, negative interactions between neighbouring species can
+limit niche similarity in local assembly, if species interactions, such as competition for
+limited resources, is stronger between species that share the niche of a common
+ancestor. In the stage of seedlings, competition may not be able to impose a non-
+random signal on the phylogenetic structure of the entire habitat, but it may drive the
+assembly of local neighbourhoods. We therefore intend to infer the relative
+importance of different assembly processes by comparing the phylogenetic structure
+of seedlings communities in different Restinga forest physiognomies from the Parque
+Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (Restinga Alta Alagada - RAA, Restinga Alta Drenada -
+RAD e Restinga Baixa – RB), at the scale of the entire habitat and the scale of local
+neighbourhoods. We describe phylogenetic structure of the entire habitat and local
+neighborhoods by calculating the mean pairwise phylogenetic distances between co-
+occuring species, both weighted and unweighted by species abundances. At the
+scale of the entire habitat, we ask if species composition at each forest type differs
+from null expectations, we test this by comparing the observed MPD value for each
+Restinga forest with a null distribution of communities generated by drawing species
+by chance from an adult tree species pool. We found that different Restinga forests
+show random phylogenetic structure at this scale. And, at the scale of local
+neighbourhoods, we ask if the distribution of MPD per triad differs between Restinga
+forests physiognomies, by comparing the F statistics from a simple Analysis of
+Variance with the distribution of F generated by permutations of MPD between
+habitats. We then conducted a post-hoc test to evaluate the absolute differences
+between groups of neighbourhoods in different Restinga forest types. We found that
+the distribution of MPD per triad in Restinga Baixa differs from the distribution of both
+Restinga Alta forests, but the Restinga Alta Alagada (flooded habitat) and Restinga
+Alta Drenada (drained habitat) don’t differ from each other. Our results therefore
+suggest that neutral processes are more important than niche processes to
+determine the assembly of seedlings communities at the entire habitat scale,
+however, niche-related processes, such as habitat filtering and competition may have
+a secondary role by determining local differences in the phylogenetic structure of
+neighbouring species.
+=== MORETTO, Felipe Alexandre ===
+**Natural regeneration and seedling diversity in a coastal plain transition ecosystem - hillside**
+**Abstract:** The seedling community of coastal plains of Caraguatatuba county was studied in a
+fragment of 50 acres of Forest Transition Restinga - Hill. The study area has been
+described by means of 40 sets of three plots of 1m x1m totaling an area of 120m2,
+with 23 sets were flooded condition and 17 in non-flooded conditions (drought). We
+obtained canopy opening with the help of Densiometer. In total 507 seedlings were
+identified, representing an average of 4.23 seedlings per m2. It was possible to
+observe a high richness, with 82 different species. The most abundant species were
+//Calypthrantes sp// (107), //Myrta sp1// (82) and //Annona cf reticulata cf// (19). The family
+Myrtaceae showed the highest species richness, totaling 18 species. The flooded
+plots had on average 9.99 seedlings per 3m 2 and droughts 15.69 per 3m 2. The
+average number of species in the wetlands was 3.69 species per 3m 2 and in the dry
+plots was 6.11 seedlings per 3m 2. The predictions of this study were that the
+wetlands should contain fewer species and lower species richness compared to
+areas not flooded. For canopy opening was expected that more open areas possess
+greater number of seedlings and greater species richness. However after
+randomization of data was not possible to observe that wetlands had less wealth and
+fewer species (p = .33). Increasing the percentage of canopy openness did not
+significantly affect the number of seedlings (p = 0.23) or species richness (p = .44).
+Thus, the results indicate that environmental variables are not sufficient to explain the
+observed variation in abundance and species richness of seedlings in this
+ecosystem. However other factors may be limiting for seedling establishment. Among
+the possible factors, the human disturbance area for removal of palm (Euterpe
+edulis), the large number of paths traced in the region (trampling seedlings) and
+competition from herbaceous plants deserve more detailed studies in the future.
+=== DIAS, Julia de Freitas ===
+**Survey of Seedling Production of Restinga Species in Nurseries State of São Paulo: Implications for ecological restoration**
+**Resumo:** To be viable to carry out restoration projects following the scientific statements and
+legislation is essential that there is availability of seedlings in nurseries with high species and
+genetic diversity. In order to evaluate the current availability of seedlings, production capacity
+and the main constraints to the production of a high diversity of restinga (white sand coastal
+vegetation) species, a study was conducted with nurseries producing seedlings of restinga
+species in the state of São Paulo. In total, 122 nurseries and 41 counties were contacted,
+resulting in only six nurseries producing seedlings from areas of restinga. The definition of
+the profile of resting seedlings production in these six nurseries was done through
+questionnaires technical and administrative. Among the main results of this survey, we can
+highlight the small number of seedlings of restinga species produced by the north coast
+nurseries, the difficulties in obtaining seeds mainly related to the process of seed collection,
+the disarticulation of the sectors involved in the production of seedlings of restinga species,
+the tiny share of the municipalities in seedling production and the perception of the producers
+of changes in the fruit phenology of the restinga species in their collection areas. This study
+highlights the current shortage of seedling of restinga species and should be useful as a tool to
+reveal the nurseries working in this ecosystem, and to improve the contact between them and
+the restoration planning groups.
+=== PEREIRA, Thiago ===
+**Effects of light quality on seed germination of Myrtaceae species from restinga of Cardoso Island**
+**Abstract:** The Myrtaceae family is one of the most ecologically important families, mainly in the Atlantic forest, being the dominant family in diverse tropical forests. Specifically in 3restinga" (coastal sandy plains) areas, Myrtaceae is noted for high species richness, being among the trees, often the most diverse. However there are few studies about the ecology and physiology of this family. Knowledge about the conditions for seed germination, in the case of Myrtaceae species, may increase the success in producing of seedlings in nurseries for use in forest restoration The analysis of light requirements for germination of the Myrtaceae species provides data that can be useful both in evolutionary studies about the family Myrtaceae, as to indicate the correct phase of succession to use of these species of Myrtaceae occurring in the Ilha do Cardoso in restoration projects in tropical areas. The germination of seeds of three species, //Eugenia umbelliflora//, //Myrcia multiflora// and //Blepharocalyx salicifolius//, were analyzed in a white light treatment and in the control (dark). An analysis of seed germination under distinct Red/Far red ratios was also performed for the species //Eugenia umbelliflora//. The seeds of the three species germinated in the presence of light and in the dark, indicating that the seeds have great environmental plasticity about light and can occupy different habitats. //E. umbelliflora// and //B. salicifolius// probably have their germination controlled by phytochrome A (phyA), using a Very Low Fluence Response (VLFR). The species //M. multiflora// show a higher germination rate under white light, which could indicates positive photoblastic seeds, but this classification requires complementary studies. Tests at different levels of R / FR for //E. umbelliflora// reinforce that this species has wide environmental plasticity, with the ability to germinate both in treefall gaps and under the canopy.
+=== PEREIRA, Nathália Helena Azevedo ===
+**Spatial distribution of terrestrial tank bromeliads in restinga: causes and consequences**
+**Abstract:** The plants’ spatial distribution pattern is the result of biotic and abiotic factors, from space
+competition to nutrients, light and water availability. To analyze the factors that vary spatially, light incidence and edaphic characteristics for example, is key to comprehend the influence they could have over the space distribution of the vegetation species in natural environments. This study aimed to analyze the possible factors that determine the distribution of terrestrial bromeliads, a group of plants that is very abundant in restinga, dominating the herbaceous layer on large tracts. On the other hand, the presence of bromeliads in the herbaceous layer can hinder the establishment of arboreal species and affect the vegetation structure. Thus, the consequences of the presence of bromeliads over the vegetation structure were also analyzed in this study. The study was conducted in a patch of restinga forest, at the “Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso”, south coast of São Paulo state. Were sampled 5,76 ha, in 144 contiguous shares of 20 x 20m, in wich was registered the total number of rosettes of terrestrial bromeliads, as well as the percentage of coverage of the ground of each species. Were found seven terrestrial bromeliads species: //Bromelia antiacantha//, //Canistrum cyanthiforme//, //Nidularium innocentii//, //Nidularium procerum//, //Quesnelia arvensis//, //Vriesea carinata// e //Vriesea ensiformis//, and about 50% dos 5,76ha of the forest of restinga sampled were covered by bromeliads. The species that presented the greatest number of rosetas and the biggest coverage area were //N. procerum//, //N. innocentii// e //C. cyanthiforme//. The results indicate that the terrestrial bromeliads distribution is positively related with the canopy opening and that the growing of the porcentage of thick sand between 5 and 20m underground is related to the decrease of the number of bromeliads per share. The variety of individual arboreal adults decreased with the rising of the number of rosetas on a share. It wasn't noticed any relationship between the presence of bromeliads and the abundance of adult arboreal species on the shares, what suggests that the bromeliad don't interfere the structure of the forests dossel and seems to be using other space than the ocuppied by the arboreal species.

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